动词的时态

1. 动词的时态主要有:

一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、一般过去将来时、一般将来时、将来进行时和将来完成时等。

2. 一般将来时的表达方式:

(1)一般将来时表示未来的动作或状态,常与表示将来的时间状语,如:tomorrow, next day, soon, in a month, in the future, next Sunday等连用。有时句中无时间状语,时间关系由上下文暗示;

(2)will do还表示临时的决定;

(3)在if, unless, before, after, until等引导的条件或时间状语从句中,从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时,而主句用一般将来时;

(4) "be going to+动词原形"表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或有迹象表明即将发生的动作或状态;

(5) "be+V-ing形式"表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,这一结构常用于以下动词,如:come, go, leave, arrive, return, fly, meet, see, do, have, get等;

(6) "be about to+动词原形"表示打算或安排即将发生的动作。它一般不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用;

(7) "be to+动词原形"表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作;

(8) 一般现在时表示按时刻表或根据规定将要发生的动作,这一结构常用于表示位移的动词,如:come, go, leave, start, begin, take off, set off等。

动词的语态

1. 一般现在时的被动语态:

is/am/are+V-ed。例如:English is widely spoken all over the world.

2. 一般过去时的被动语态:

was/were+V-ed。例如:The underground was built five years ago.

3. 一般将来时的被动语态:

①will/shall be+V-ed。例如:

The decision will be made at the meeting tomorrow.

We shall be punished if we break the rule.

②be going to be+V-ed。例如:The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.

③be to be+V-ed。例如:The sports meet is to be held on April 20.

4. 现在完成时的被动语态:

have/has been +V-ed。例如:Many a house has been built in our city so far.

5. 现在进行时的被动语态:

is/am/are being+V-ed。例如:The stadium is being built in the north of our city at present.

6. 短语动词在变被动语态时,因其是一个不可分割的整体,故不可丢掉短语动词的介词或副词。例如:

The nurse took good care of the patients.→The patients were taken good care of by the nurse.

7. 带有双宾语的句子的被动语态:带有双宾语的句子在变为被动结构时,可以将一个变为主语,另一个(多为直接宾语)仍旧保留在谓语后面。例如:

My aunt gave me a bike.

→I was given a bike by my aunt.

→A bike was given to me by my aunt.

8. 带有复合宾语的句子,变为被动结构时,宾语补足语相应变为主语补足语。要注意,主动语态中作宾语补足语的不带to的不定式,在变为被动语态时要带to。例如:

(1)The boss made his workers work hard for him every day.→His workers were made to work hard for him every day by the boss.

(2)Everyone calls him Big Brother.→He was called Big Brother by everyone.

(3)I saw him going into the supermarket.→He was seen going into the supermarket.

9. 带有情态动词的句子在变为被动语态时,可变成:情态动词+be/have been+V-ed。例如:

They must like the book very much.→The book must be liked very much by them.

She must have known the truth.→The truth must have been known by her.

不用于被动语态的主要词汇

1. 系动词,如:look, sound, sense, smell, feel, appear, remain, stay, keep等不用于被动语态。

2. 不及物动词及短语动词,如:arise, happen, occur, last, take place, break out, belong to, consist of, come about, come out等不用于被动语态。

【目标训练】

用括号内词汇的适当形式填空。

1. Robert usually ______________ (go) to school on foot every morning.

2. The train ______________ (leave) at 9:00 a.m, so you needn’t hurry.

3. If my father ______________ (know) the truth, he will get angry.

4. Preparations for the program ______________ (start) a year ago and ______________ (finish) in three months.

5. Smoking ______________ (believe) to cause more than 6 million deaths worldwide each year.

6. My childhood ______________ (make) magical because of the wonderful writer Roald Dahl.

7. The couple ______________ (visit) China next month and they have bought the plane tickets.

8. We ______________ (spend) next weekend in Hainan with the Greens.

9. Up to now, nine miners ______________ (rescue) from the mine by the rescue team.

10. Much of the research ______________ (take place) during the winter, when trees are bare (光秃秃的).

Key:

1. goes

2. leaves

3. knows

4. were started; will be finished

5. is believed

6. was made

7. will visit/are visiting

8. will spend/are spending

9. have been rescued

10. takes place